Changes in the properties of bulk-fill resins under conditions of gastroesophageal reflux and bulimia

Aim: Evaluate the roughness, microhardness and color change of different Bulk Fill resins when submitted to the condition of gastroesophageal reflux and bulimia. Methods: 60 specimens (n = 10) of Bulk-Fill composite resins were made: M1 ­ Filtek™; M2 ­ Tetric N-Ceram and M3 ­ OPUS, through a matrix 2x6 mm and light cured by the VALO light source. After polishing, initial analyzes (48 hours - T0) of surface roughness (Ra), microhardness (VHN) and color change (ΔE) were performed. To simulate the oral condition of severe gastroesophageal reflux and bulimia, the specimens were immersed in hydrochloric acid (S1) (pH 1.7) 4 minutes a day, for 7 days. Control group specimens were immersed in artificial saliva (S2). Subsequently to immersions, mechanical brushing was performed for 3 minutes, three times a day, simulating 7 days of brushing. And again, the analyzes of Ra, VHN and ΔE were performed (7 days - T1). Thus, hydrochloric acid immersion, mechanical brushing and Ra analysis were repeated at 14 days (T2) and 21 days (T3); and T2, T3 and T4 (3 years) for VHN and ΔE. Results: After Shapiro-Wilk statistical test, ANOVA and Tukey test with Bonferroni adjustment (p>0.05), M3 showed the lowest Ra at all times compared to the other resins, while the highest Ra was at T0. M1 and T1 showed higher VHN. And M2 and T4 showed higher ΔE. Conclusion: Bulk Fill resins can be indicated for patients with Gastroesophageal Reflux and Bulimia, nonetheless, Tetric N-Ceram resin showed the worst results

Fluorosis. Antivet contra ácido clorhídrico / fluoride. Antivet vs hydrochloric acid

Introducción: La fluorosis dental es una hipomineralización del esmalte producida como respuesta a la ingesta de fluor por un periodo prolongado durante la formación del esmaltado. Es una alteración irreversible, que clínicamente se caracteriza por la presencia de delgadas líneas blanquecinas distribuidas en el esmalte dental correspondientes a la disposición de las periquimatías, y en grados más avanzados de la enfermedad se odservan cambios en toda la superficie del esmaltado que adquiere un aspecto opaco, como de piedra caliza. En los niveles más severos de flurosis dental, la presencia de hipomineralización, y el aumento en la porosidad del esmalte dental propicia la pérdida de porciones importantes de su estructura, produciendo fracturas, por lo que se deteriora la apariencia y funcionalidad de los dientes afectados. (1) La OMS recomienda que el valor de referencia para el fluoruro en el agua potable es de 1,5 mg /1.(2) El flúor es un gas halógeno, el más electronegativo de los elementos de la tabla periódica, con número atómico 19, prácticamente no existe libre en la naturaleza, sino asociado a otros elementos como: calcio y sodio. La principal vía de incorporación del flúor en el organismo humano es la digestiva. Es absorbido rápidamente en la mucosa del intestino delgado y del estómago, por un simple fenómeno de difusión. Una en los tejidos, depositándose preferentemente en los tejidos duros; se elimina por todas las vías de excreción, principalmente por orina. La cantidad de flúor en el organismo es variable y depende de la ingestión, inhalación, absorción y eliminación, así como de las características de los compuestos. Generalmente se concentra en huesos, cartílagos, dientes y placa bacteriana. El depósito de flúor varía con la edad y la excreción. En los niños, el 50% se fija en huesos y dientes en formación; en adultos, se deposita básicamente en huesos. (3) Existen diversos métodos para su eliminación. En esta investigación se realizaron 18 procedimientos a pacientes de ambos sexos. La metodología fue dividir en dos grupos de 8 personas cada uno, en el cual se utilizó Antivet en el primer grupo y ácido clorhídrico al 18% en el segundo grupo. Los casos fueron seleccionados al azar y posteriormente se observaron los cambios clínicos con cada grupo. En el primer grupo de personas que utilizaron Antivet, se mostró que en casos severos de fluorosis no era un método tan eficaz, ya que no elimina por completo las manchas marrones, sin embargo, es un procedimiento muy bueno para uso clínico cuando los grados de fluorosis son menores. En el segundo grupo de personas que utilizaron ácido clorhídrico al 18% se demostró la eficacia del tratamiento en fluorosis de grados avanzados, donde el esmalte está más del 50% dañado, por lo que es un excelente método de tratamiento con el debido control en su manipulación. Objetivo: Saber diferenciar los tipos de materiales y conocer los diferentes métodos para eliminación de flúor así como mostrar la diferencia entre tratamientos. Metodología: El tipo de estudio es explicativo y con el cual se espera contribuir al desarrollo del conocimiento científico. Su realización supone el ánimo de contribuir al desarrollo del saber científico. Consistió en seleccionar 16 pacientes, masculinos y femenonos y de distintas edades de entre 15 y 40 años. Se dividieron al azar, en 2 grupos de 8 personas cada uno para tratarlos con 2 productos diferentes. El primer grupo fue tratado con ácido clorhídrico al 18% y el segundo grupo con la marca comercial Antivet. Resultado y conclusión: La fluorosis dental es causada por ingestas excesivas de flúor. El uso del ácido clorhídrico es corrosivo, su aroma es penetrante y los cuidados con el paciente son mayores, ya que un mal uso al tener contacto con piel o mucosa creará necrosis. El Antivet tiene desventajas de costo y disponibilidad, pero su ventaja es que brinda más seguridad en su manipulación.

Introduction: Dental fluorosis is a hypomineralization of the enamel produced due to fluoride intake for a prolonged time during enamel formation. It is an irreversible alteration, which is clinically characterized by the presence of thin whitish lines distributed in the dental enamel corresponding to the disposition of the perikymata. In more advanced degrees of the disease, changes are observed in the entire enamel surface, which acquires an opaque appearance, like limestone. In the most severe levels of dental fluorosis, the presence of hypomineralization and increased porosity of the dental enamel leads to the loss of essential portions of its structure, producing fractures, thus deteriorating the appearance and functionality of the affected teeth. (1) The WHO recommends that the reference value for fluoride in drinking water is 1.5 mg/l. (2) Fluoride is a halogen gas, the most electronegative of the periodic table elements, with atomic number 19. It practically does not exist free in nature but is associated with other elements such as calcium and sodium. The primary way of incorporating fluorine into the human organism is through the digestive system. It is rapidly absorbed in the mucosa of the small intestine and stomach by a simple phenomenon of diffusion. Once absorbed, fluoride passes into the blood and is distributed in the tissues, preferentially deposited in hard tissues; it is eliminated by all excretion routes, mainly by the urine. The amount of fluoride in the body is variable and depends on ingestion, inhalation, absorption, elimination, and the characteristics of the compounds. It is generally concentrated in bones, cartilage, teeth, and bacterial plaque. Fluoride deposition varies with age and excretion. In children, 50% is fixed in bones and teeth information; it is basically deposited in bones in adults. (3) There are various methods for its elimination. In this research, 18 procedures were performed on patients of both sexes. The methodology was divided into two groups of 8 persons each, in which Antivet was used in the first group and 18% hydrochloric acid in the second group. The cases were randomly selected, and subsequently, the clinical changes were observed in each group. In the first group of people who used Antivet, it was shown that in severe cases of fluorosis, it was not such an effective method since it does not completely eliminate the brown stains. However, it is a very effective method for clinical use when the degrees of fluorosis are lower. In the second group of people who used 18% hydrochloric acid, the effectiveness of the treatment was demonstrated in advanced degrees of fluorosis, where the enamel is more than 50% damaged, making it an excellent method of treatment with due control in its manipulation. Objective: To differentiate the types of materials and to know the different methods for fluoride elimination as well as to show the difference between treatments. Methodology: The type of study is explanatory, and it is expected to contribute to the development of scientific knowledge. It was carried out to contribute to the development of scientific knowledge. It consisted of selecting 16 patients of both sexes and of different ages between 15 and 40 years old. They were randomly divided into two groups of 8 persons, each to be treated with two different products. The first group was treated with 18% hydrochloric acid, and the second group with the comercial brand Antivet. Result and conclusion: Dental fluorosis is caused by excessive fluoride intake. Hydrochloric acid is corrosive, its aroma is penetrating, and the care with the patient is greater since a wrong use when in contact with skin or mucosa will create necrosis. Antivet has disadvantages of cost and availability, but its advantage is that it provides more safety in its handling.

Determination of tin and its compounds in ambient PM2.5 by atomic fluorescence spectrometry after ultrasonic extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid / 环境与职业医学

Background Tin and its compounds can cause serious harm to human respiratory system and nervous system, but there is no corresponding national standard method for the determination of tin in PM2.5. Objective To establish a method for the determination of tin and its compounds in PM2.5 by atomic fluorescence spectrometry (AFS) after ultrasonic extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid. Methods We extracted a fixed volume of air at a constant speed through a sampler with preset cutting characteristics to trap PM2.5 in the ambient air on quartz filter membranes. By selecting extraction solvent, comparing extraction temperature and time, and adjusting the acidity of solution to be measured, the sample pretreatment process was optimized, and a method for the determination of tin and its compounds in PM2.5 by AFS was proposed, and its performance indexes such as linearity, detection limit, and lower limit of quantification were obtained. The accuracy and precision of the method were evaluated by the standard addition recovery test with blank quartz filter membranes, and the interference test was carried out by adding standard urban particulate samples. The proposed method and the method recommended by the “Handbook on Monitoring and Protection of Air Pollution (Haze) Effects on Population Health (2020)” (the Handbook) were applied to actual samples, and the results were compared. Results This experiment used concentrated hydrochloric acid as the extraction solvent. The higher the reaction temperature and the longer the reaction time, the higher the recovery rate. Therefore, 70 ℃ water bath ultrasonic extraction for 3 h was selected. In terms of the proposed method, the linear range of detection was from 5.00 μg·L−1 to 50.00 μg·L−1, with a correlation coefficient ≥0.999 and a detection limit of 0.27 μg·L−1. When the quantitative detection of the lower limit was 0.90 μg·L−1，and the sampling volume was 144 m3, the limit of quantification was 1.25 ng·m−3. The recovery rate of standard addition of blank quartz filter membranes was 94.1%-97.5%, with a relative standard deviation ≤3.2%; the recovery rate of standard addition of standard urban particulate matter samples was 93.5%-103.0%, and the relative standard deviation was ≤2.1%, indicating that coexisting components in PM2.5 samples would not affect the determination of tin. For the 10 quartz filter membrane samples of PM2.5 monitoring, the results of tin by the established method (extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid) were higher than those of the Handbook recommended method (extraction with nitric acid), and the difference is (3.61±0.54) ng·m−3(t=21.303, P<0.05). Conclusion The established method for the determination of tin and its compounds in PM2.5 by AFS after ultrasonic extraction with concentrated hydrochloric acid is simple, accurate, and suitable for laboratory determination of tin and its compounds in large quantities of PM2.5 samples.

Long-term effects of simulated gastric juice alternated with brushing on hardness, substance loss, flexural strength and reliability of CAD-CAM monolithic materials

Abstract Objectives: The purpose of this study is to evaluate, over a simulated 5-year period, the effect of simulated gastric juice alternated with brushing on CAD-CAM monolithic materials considering microhardness, substance loss, flexural strength, and reliability of the materials. Methodology: Blocks from Lava Ultimate (LU), Vita Enamic (VE), IPS Empress CAD (EMP), IPS e.max CAD (EMAX), and Vita Suprinity (VS) were milled into cylinders and sliced into disks. The EMAX and VS were crystallized, and all specimens were polished with silicon carbide papers and allocated as follows: 1) artificial saliva + brushing or 2) simulated gastric juice (0.113% hydrochloric acid (HCl) solution in deionized water, pH 1.2) + brushing, simulating 1, 3, and 5 years of clinical function. Each year of clinical function was simulated by three repetitions of immersion for 3 hours in artificial saliva or simulated gastric juice followed by 1,217 brushing cycles. The microhardness and substance loss were evaluated at baseline (T0) and at each year by using a Vickers hardness tester and an analytical balance. The biaxial flexural strength (BFS) test was performed in a mechanical testing machine at the end of the 5th year. Weibull modulus was calculated from the BFS data. Results: The microhardness of the LU was not influenced by the treatment, whereas that of the other materials, in certain years, was significantly lower in the gastric juice + brushing groups in comparison with artificial saliva + brushing groups. In general, the materials did not present a significant change in microhardness over time, for either of the treatments. The LU alone showed greater substance loss in the gastric juice + brushing groups for every year. In both treatments, the LU, VE, and EMP exhibited a significant increase in the substance loss over time. The treatment did not affect the BFS of the materials. The gastric juice + brushing decreased the reliability of the VE. Conclusions: All materials were somehow impaired by the gastric juice + brushing in at least one of the evaluated parameters, except for the BFS. However, in a deeper analysis, the LU would be the least indicated materials, followed by VE, for patients with eating disorders.

Can surface protection prevent the loss of hardness on dentin and composite resin surfaces exposed to erosive challenges? / ¿Puede la protección de la superficie prevenir la pérdida de dureza en las superficies de dentina y resina compuesta expuestas a erosión?

Objective: This study investigated the effect of endogenous erosion on the microhardness of dentine and a nanofilled composite resin. Procedures for preventing erosion were also studied. Materials and Methods: 90 bovine dentine specimens were divided into three groups in accordance with the method for preventing: negative control, topical application of fluoride and resin-modified glass ionomer varnish. 120 composite resin specimens were distributed into four groups, which also included a resin sealant, among the preventive procedures. Specimens were then randomly divided into three sub-groups according to the exposure to simulate gastric acid solution and subsequent remineralization: negative control, 9 and 18 cycles. Surface analysis was carried out by measuring the Knoop hardness. The data obtained were statistically analyzed using 2-way ANOVA and Tukey test. Result: The mean hardness of dentine and of the composite specimens resin exhibited lower hardness after 18 cycles. However, the resin-modified glass ionomer varnish resulted in greater values compared to the other preventive procedures. Conclusion: A resin-modified glass ionomer varnish seems to be a promising method for minimizing the damage caused by endogenous acid, but its protection can be reduced depending on the intensity of the erosive challenge.

Objetivo: Este estudio investigó el efecto de la erosión endógena sobre la microdureza de la dentina y una resina compuesta de nanorrelleno. También se estudiaron los procedimientos para prevenir la erosión. Materiales and Métodos:90 muestras de dentina bovina se dividieron en tres grupos de acuerdo con el método para prevenir: control negativo, aplicación tópica de fluoruro y barniz de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina. Se distribuyeron 120 muestras de resina compuesta en cuatro grupos, que también incluían un sellador de resina, entre los procedimientos preventivos. Las muestras se dividieron al azar en tres subgrupos de acuerdo con la exposición para simular la solución de ácido gástrico y la remineralización posterior: control negativo, 9 y 18 ciclos. El análisis de la superficie se realizó midiendo la dureza Knoop. Los datos obtenidos se analizaron estadísticamente mediante ANOVA de 2 vías y prueba de Tukey. Resultados: La dureza media de la dentina y de la resina de muestras compuestas exhibió una dureza más baja después de 18 ciclos. Sin embargo, el barniz de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina resultó en valores mayores en comparación con los otros procedimientos preventivos. Conclusión: Un barniz de ionómero de vidrio modificado con resina parece ser un método prometedor para minimizar el daño causado por el ácido endógeno, pero su protección puede reducirse dependiendo de la intensidad del desafío erosivo.

Fístula cutánea secundaria a úlcera de abomaso de una cabra: Reporte de caso / Cutaneous Fistula Secondary to an Abomasum Ulcer in the Goat: A Case Report / Futula cutânea secundaria a úlcera de abomaso de uma cabra: relatório de caso

Resumen Las úlceras abomasales son raras y poco conocidas en los pequeños rumiantes y en los rumiantes, en general. Estas llegan a presentarse por diferentes causas como lo son: la dieta, el estrés, la alteración de los mecanismos protectores de la mucosa gástrica, entre otros. En este artículo, se presenta el caso de un caprino hembra raza criolla de aproximadamente diecisiete años, que presentaba una lesión en la región ventral del abdomen, entre la cicatriz del ombligo y el cartílago xifoides, y, adicionalmente, tenía una enfermedad articular. Como método de diagnóstico se realizaron exámenes paraclínicos como: cuadro hemático, coprológico y toma de rayos x, en donde se determinó el diagnóstico final que fue una úlcera abomasal grado 3 y una enfermedad articular degenerativa. El tratamiento se realizó con penicilina sódica (22 000 UI/kg durante cinco días cada doce horas), gentamicina (6 mg/kg durante tres días cada 24 horas), cuatro aplicaciones de complejo B (2 ml cada 48 horas), omeprazol (10 mg/kg cada doce horas por quince días) y lavados diarios de la herida con solución salina durante quince días. El animal fue dado de alta a los veinte días con cierre total de la herida.

Abstract Abomasum ulcers are rare and quite unknown among small ruminants and, in general, in all ruminants. These are due to different causes such as diet, stress, changes in the gastric mucosa protection mechanisms, among others. This article reports the case of a female criollo-breed goat about 17 years old. It had an injury in the abdominal ventral region, between the navel and the xiphisternum. It also had an articular disease. As a diagnostic method, paraclinical tests were carried out such as blood count, stool test and X-ray. This led to a final diagnosis of a grade 3 abomasum ulcer and degenerative articular disease. The treatment consisted in penicillin sodium (22000 UI/kg for 5 days, every 12 hours), gentamicin (6 mg/kg for 3 days, every 24 hours), 4 doses of B complex (2 ml every 48 hours), Omeprazol (10 mg/kg every 12 hours for 15 days) and daily cleaning of the injury with saline for 15 days. The animal was discharged on day 20 with the injury fully closed.

Resumo As úlceras abomasais são raras e pouco conhecidas em pequenos ruminantes e em ruminantes em geral. Elas chegam a se gerar por diferentes causas como: dieta, estresse, alteração dos mecanismos protetores da mucosa gástrica, entre outros. Neste artigo, apresenta-se o caso de uma cabra fêmea raça Crioula de aproximadamente 17 anos de idade, que apresentava uma lesão na região ventral do abdome, entre a cicatriz do umbigo e a cartilagem xifoide e tinha adicionalmente doença articular. Como método de diagnóstico foi realizado exames paraclínicos como hemograma, coprologia e radiografia, onde foi determinado o diagnostico final de úlcera abomasal grau 3 e doença articular degenerativa. O tratamento foi realizado com penicilina sódica (22000 UI/kg durante 5 dias a cada 12 horas), gentamicina (6 mg/kg durante 3 dias a cada 24 horas), 4 aplicações de complexo B (2 ml a cada 48 horas), Omeprazol (10 mg/kg a cada 12 horas por 15 dias) e lavagens diárias da ferida com solução salina durante 15 dias. O animal recebeu alta aos 20 dias com fechamento total da ferida.

Administración crónica de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones: un problema de salud pública / Chronic administration of proton pump inhibitors: A problem of public health

Resumen En la actualidad se ha generalizado la administración de los inhibidores de la bomba de protones casi de manera universal, pero con especial insistencia en los pacientes hospitalizados. Su administración se ha considerado inocua y con efectos protectores; sin embargo, la administración indiscriminada de este grupo de fármacos tiene serias consecuencias para la salud.

Abstract Currently the use of proton pump inhibitors has become widespread almost universally but with special emphasis on hospitalized patients. Its use has been considered innocuous and with protective effects; however, the indiscriminate administration of this group of drugs has health consequences.

Effect of conditioning protocols and ultrasonic application of an infiltrant resin in white spot lesions

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate different conditioning protocols and sonic/ultrasonic application of an infiltrant resin (IR) in artificial white spot lesions (AWSL). the V/L surfaces of 48 molars were induced to an AWSL and divided in 6 groups, according to the conditioning protocols and application technique: 15% hydrochloric acid (HA) + manual application of the IR; HA + 37% phosphoric acid (PA) + manual application of the IR; HA + ultrasonic application (U) of the IR; HA + sonic application (S) of the IR; PA+HA+S; and PA+HA+U. For the Penetration Depth (PD), the crowns were etched with HA for 120s. The IR Icon® (DMG) was applied according to the manufacturer`s instructions. The crowns were dye penetrated (0.1% red fluorophore rhodamine B isothiocyanate for 12h) and bleached with 30% hydrogen peroxide for 12 h. The discs were immersed in a 50% ethanol solution, containing 100 µM of sodium fluorescein. The PD (in µm) was measured using confocal laser scanning microscopy (20x). The bond strength (BS) was performed by michoshear test (0.5 mm/min). Data were submitted to 2-way ANOVA and Tukey (α=0.05). For BS, the interaction was not significant (p>0.05). For PD, the main factors were significant (application - p<0.001; conditioning technique - p=0.003). The ultrasonic application showed the highest PD values. PA+HA presented higher results than HA. The sonic/ultrasonic applications and the use of phosphoric acid prior to hydrochloric acid improved PD of the infiltrant resin. Conditioning protocols or application techniques did not influence BS values.

Resumo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar diferentes protocolos de condicionamento e a aplicação sônica/ultrassônica de uma resina infiltrante (RI) em lesões de mancha branca produzidas artificialmente (LMBA). As superfícies vestibulares/linguais de 48 molares foram induzidas à formação de LMBA e divididas em 6 grupos, de acordo com os protocolos de condicionamento e técnica de aplicação da resina infiltrante: ácido hidroclorídrico 15% (AH) + aplicação manual da RI; AH + ácido fosfórico 37% (AF) + aplicação manual da RI; AH + aplicação ultrassônica da RI (U); AH + aplicação sônica da RI (S); AF + AH + S; e AF + AH + U. para o grau de penetração (GP), condicionou-se as coroas com AH por 120 s. A RI Icon® (DMG) foi aplicada de acordo com as instruções do fabricante. As coroas foram coradas (rodamina B 0,1% por 12 h) e clareadas com peróxido de hidrogênio 30% por 12 h. os discos foram imersos em solução de etanol 50%, contendo 100 µM de fluoresceína sódica. O GP (em µm) foi mensurado por meio de microscopia confocal a laser (20´). A resistência de união (RU) foi calculada pelo teste de microcisalhamento (0,5 mm/min). Os dados foram submetidos ao teste ANOVA 2 fatores e Tukey (α=0,05). Para RU, a interação não foi significante (p>0,05). Para GP, os fatores principais foram significantes (técnica de aplicação - p<0,001; protocolos de condicionamento - p=0,003). A aplicação U mostrou os maiores valores de GP. AF+AH demonstrou resultados superiores ao grupo AH. As aplicações sônica/ultrassônica e o uso do ácido fosfórico antes do ácido hidroclorídrico aumentaram o GP da resina infiltrante. Os protocolos de condicionamento ou as técnicas de aplicação não influenciaram os valores de RU.

Clinical analysis of 5 cases of acute poisoning by inhalation of hydrochlogen chloride / 中华劳动卫生职业病杂志

Objective@#To analyze the clinical characteristics caused by acute poisoning by inhalation of hydrogen chloride (HCl) and to raise awareness and treatment level of the disease.@*Methods@#The clinical manifestations, imaging features, diagnosis, treatment and prognosis of 5 patients with acute HCl poisoning were analyzed retrospectively.@*Results@#Among the 5 cases of HCl poisoning, 2 cases were severe poisoning, 3 cases were moderate poisoning. All patients were treated with corticosteroids and symptomatic treatment, one of them was treated with venovenous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) . All patients were recovered and discharged from hospital.@*Conclusion@#The lung damage of acute poisoning by inhalation of HCl is rapidly progressing, early detection and timely medical treatment can obtain a better prognosis.

Alternative Pretreatment Methods for Resin Infiltration in Primary Anterior Teeth / 대한소아치과학회지

Resin infiltration has been used as a treatment option for the management of early caries lesions recently. However, the etching procedure with hydrochloric acid might be somewhat stressful for the clinicians due to safety problem especially for young children, leading to less utility.This study aims at searching for some alternative surface pretreatment methods of resin infiltration for the early caries lesions in primary anterior teeth by comparing penetration depth of various methods.No significant difference was found in penetration ratio between etched surface with 15% hydrochloric acid and 35% phosphoric acid. However, the penetration ratio was significantly higher in groups pretreated either with dental pumice or abrasive metal strip (p < .05).By the result of this study, etching with phosphoric acid as an alternative of hydrochloric acid was thought clinically acceptable as a pretreatment method for resin infiltration in early caries lesions for primary anterior teeth.It was notable that surface conditioning with dental pumice or metal strip before etching was effective in increasing the penetration. This procedural modification might be much more correspondent with minimally invasive concept and hopefully contribute to increased safety and utility in pediatric dentistry.

Comparison of lung protection for hydrochloric acid or oleic acid induced rat acute respiratory distress syndrome models pretreated with penehyclidine / 中华危重病急救医学

Objective To compare the lung protection roles of intraperitoneal pre-injection with penehyclidine for two kinds of rat models with pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDSp and ARDSexp). Methods Forty healthy adult Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into five groups (each n = 8): the rats in sham group received only tracheotomy; the ARDS rat models were reproduced by intratracheal inhalation of 0.1 mol/L hydrochloric acid (HCl) 2 mL/kg to simulate ARDSexp (HCl group) and 0.15 mL/kg oleic acid (OA) intravenous injection to simulate ARDSp (OA group) after tracheotomy; and the rats in two intervention groups were intraperitoneal injected with penehyclidine 0.5 mg/kg. All rats were received mechanical ventilation immediately after model reproduction. Carotid arterial blood was collected 4 hours after model reproduction for determining the arterial partial pressure of oxygen (PaO2), and oxygenation index (PaO2/FiO2) was calculated. Carotid venous blood and lung tissues were harvested, and the levels of myeloperoxidase (MPO), interleukin-8 (IL-8) and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in serum and lung tissue were determined by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Pulmonary pathology was observed under optical microscope, and pathological score of Smith was calculated. Results Under optical microscope, a large number of inflammatory cells infiltration in lung tissue, obvious alveolar collapse, fibrous exudation in alveolar and alveolar hyaline were found in HCl group. In OA group, however, microvascular congestion and interstitial pulmonary edema were the main pathological changes, with alveolar structure being kept relatively intact. Compared with sham group, pathological score of Smith in HCl and OA groups were increased, oxygenation was lowered, and inflammatory factors levels in serum and lung tissue were increased with levels in lung tissue being higher than those in serum, without significant difference between the two models. When pretreated with penehyclidine, however, pathological injury induced by HCl or OA was alleviated, and pathological score of Smith was also decreased as compared with that of corresponding model groups (5.48±1.76 vs. 9.69±2.02, 3.97±2.14 vs. 8.71±2.18, both P < 0.05), PaO2/FiO2was raised significantly [mmHg (1 mmHg = 0.133 kPa): 323±55 vs. 211±27, 307±56 vs. 207±31, both P < 0.05], the inflammatory factors levels in serum and lung tissue were obviously decreased [MPO (μg/L): 11.91±1.55 vs. 14.82±1.25, 12.75±1.16 vs. 16.97±2.06 in serum, 25.80±3.36 vs. 35.18±4.01, 24.23±1.24 vs. 33.94±1.43 in lung tissue; IL-8 (ng/L): 358±30 vs. 459±25, 377±38 vs. 427±34 in serum, 736±53 vs. 866±51, 701±53 vs. 809±39 in lung tissue; NF-κB (ng/L):483±68 vs. 632±73, 514±83 vs. 685±78 in serum, 984±75 vs. 1 217±123, 944±90 vs. 1 163±105 in lung tissue;all P < 0.05]. But all parameters above were similar between the two pretreatment groups (all P > 0.05). Conclusions Inflammatory cell infiltration and alveolar collapse mainly happened in HCl induced ARDSp, while pulmonary interstitial edema and hemorrhage was mostly seen in ARDSexp rats induced by OA intravenous injection. There was no significant difference in oxygenation and inflammatory response between the two models of rats. Pre-intraperitoneal injection of penehyclidine equally improved oxygenation state, inhibited lung inflammation response, and reduced lung injury in the two kinds of ARDS, but there was no difference in protective role between two models pretreated with penehyclidine.

Corrosion inhibition studies of the combined admixture of 1,3-diphenyl-2-thiourea and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde on mild steel in dilute acid media / Estudios de inhibición de la corrosión de la mezcla combinada de 1,3-difenil-2-tiourea y 4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzaldehido en acero dulce en medio ácido diluido / Estudos de inibição da corrosão da mistura combinada de 1,3-difenil-2-tioureia e 4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzaldeido em aço macio em meio ácido diluído

Abstract The electrochemical corrosion inhibition properties of the combined admixture of 1,3-diphenyl-2-thiourea and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde on mild steel in 1 M H;SO4 and HC1 acid media were studied through weight loss analysis, potentiodynamic polarization method, optical microscopy and IR spectroscopy. Results showed that the organic mixture effectively inhibited the corrosion of mild steel in both solutions with an optimal inhibition efficiency of 97.4% and 97.47% in H2SO4 from weight loss and potentiodynamic polarization test, while the corresponding values in HC1 were 94 71% and 89.73% respectively. Thermodynamic calculations showed that the compound chemisorbed onto the steel surface blocking the diffusion of corrosive anions Observations from micro-analytical images confirmed the effective inhibition property of the compound and its presence on the surface topography of the steel Infrared spectra revealed the presence of the functional groups of the organic compound responsible for corrosion inhibition The adsorption of the compound was deduced to obey the Langmuir, Frumkin and Freundlich adsorption isotherm.

Resumen Se estudiaron las propiedades de inhibición de la corrosión electroquímica de la mezcla combinada de 1,3-difenil-2-tiourea y 4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzaldehido sobre acero dulce en medios de H2SO4 y HC1 1 M mediante análisis de pérdida de peso, método de polarización potenciodinámica, microscopia óptica y espectroscopia IR. Los resultados mostraron que la mezcla inhibe eficazmente la corrosión del acero dulce en ambas soluciones con una eficacia de inhibición óptima de 97,4% y 97,47% en H2SO4, mientras que los valores correspondientes al HC1 son 94,71% y 89,73%. Los cálculos termodinámicos demostraron que el compuesto quimiosorbido sobre la superficie de acero bloquea la difusión de aniones corrosivos Las imágenes micro-anal ticas confirmaron la efectiva propiedad de inhibición del compuesto y su presencia en la topografía superficial del acero. Los espectros infrarrojos revelaron la presencia de los grupos funcionales del compuesto orgánico responsable de la inhibición de la corrosión La adsorción del compuesto se dedujo siguiendo las isotermas de adsorción de Langmuir, Frumkin y Freundlich.

Resumo Estudaram-se as propriedades de inibição da corrosão eletroquímica da mistura combinada de 1,3-difenil-2-tioureia e 4-hidroxi-3-metoxibenzaldeido em aço macio em meios de H2SO4 e HC1 1 M através de análise de perda de peso, método de polarização potenciodinâmica, microscopia óptica e espectroscopia de IV. Os resultados mostram que a mistura inibiu eficazmente a corrosão de aço macio em ambas as soluções com uma eficiência de inibição óptima de 97,4% e 97,47% em H2SO4, enquanto os valores correspondentes ao HC1 são respectivamente 94,71% e 89,73%. Os cálculos termodinâmicos mostram que o composto quimisorvido sobre a superfície de aço bloquea a difusão de aniões corrosivos As imagens micro-analíticas confirmam a propriedade de inibição do composto e sua presença na topografia superficial do aço. Os espectros de infravermelho revelaram a presença dos grupos funcionais do composto orgânico responsáveis pela inibição da corrosão. A adsorção do composto foi deduzida seguindo às isotermas de adsorção de Langmuir, Frumkin e Freundlich.

Preventive Effect of Nalmefene on Cough Induced by General Anesthesia with Sufentanil / 中国药师

Objective:To investigate the preventive effect of nalmefene on sufentanil-induced cough in the patients with general anesthesia. Methods:Eighty patients with general anesthesia were randomly divided into the control group and the nalmefene group. The nalmefene group was intravenously given 0. 25μg·kg-1 hydrochloric acid natrium nalmefene 5 minutes before the induction, and physiological saline with the same capacity was given in the control group. Cough number and intensity in one minute after the injection of nalmefene were observed, and the changes of hemodynamic indices such as the blood pressure, heart rate and pulse oxygen satura-tion before the anesthesia induction (T0), 1min after sufentanil injection (T1) and after the intubation (T2) were observed and com-pared between the groups. Results:The incidence rate of cough was 37. 5% in the control group and 0% in the nalmefene group, and the incidence rate and strength of cough in nalmefene group were both lower than those in the control group (P0. 05). Conclusion:Pretreatment with hydrochloric acid natrium nalmefene can prevent sufentanil-induced cough response during the induction of anesthesia without weakening the inhibitory effect of sufentanil on intubation response.

Effect of tripterine on hydrochloric acid-induced acute lung injury in mice / 中华麻醉学杂志

Objective To evaluate the effect of tripterine on hydrochloric acid-induced acute lung injury(ALI)in mice.Methods Eighteen pathogen-free healthy adult male ICR mice,aged 7-9 weeks,weighing 25-30 g,were divided into 3 groups(n=6 each)using a random number table:control group(group C),hydrochloric acid-induced ALI group(group ALI)and tripterine group(group T).ALI was induced by a single intratracheal instillation of hydrochloric acid 2 ml/kg(pH 1.5)via a 24-gauge angiocatheter inserted into the trachea in pentobarbital sodium-anesthetized mice.Tripterine 3 mg/kg was injected intraperitoneally once a day for 3 consecutive days,and then the model was established in group T.The mice were sacrificed at 6 h after instillation,and lung specimens were obtained for microscopic examination and for determination of the levels of tumor necrosis factor-alpha(TNF-α),interleukin-6(IL-6),macrophage migration inhibitory factor(MIF)and myeloperoxidase(MPO)in lung tissues.Results Compared with group C,the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,MIF and MPO were significantly increased at 6 h after instillation in ALI and T groups(P<0.01).Compared with group ALI,the levels of TNF-α,IL-6,MIF and MPO were significantly decreased at 6 h after instillation in group T(P<0.01).The pathological changes of lung tissues were significantly attenuated in group T compared with group ALI.Conclusion Tripterine can attenuate hydrochloric acid-induced ALI in mice.

Inhibition of the Inflammatory Response and Its Mechanism by Hydrochloric Acid Chlorobenzene Sulperzon (HACS) in Astrocytes / 中国药学杂志

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the inhibitory effects and mechanism of Hydrochloric acid chlorobenzene sulperzon (HACS) on neuronal inflammation were studied in order to evaluate possible application of it in AD therapy. METHODS: The release of NO (nitric oxide) by astrocyte was detected by Griess methods and the chemotaxis of mouse macrophage was detected by Boyden chemotaxis chamber. The cell viability was detected by MTT assay. The content of IL-6 and RANTES (T cell expressed and presumably secreted)was determined by ELISA. The expression of mRNA of IL6 and RANTES was detected by RT-PCR. The intracelluar Ca2+ was detected by confocal microscope. RESULTS: HACS efficiently decreased the release of NO from astrocyte stimulated by LPS (1 μg·mL-1), chemotaxis of mouse macrophage stimulated by PAF (5×10-8 mol·L-1), expression of IL-6 and regulated upon activation of RANTES in U251 cells induced by IL-1β (50 ng·mL-1). In addition, HACS significantly inhibited the increase of intracellular Ca2+ in U251 cells induced by Aβ1-42(50 μg·mL-1)/sodium glutamate(100 μmol·L-1)or IL-1β(50 ng·mL-1). CONCLUSION: HACS efficiently inhibites the activation of astrocyte by regulation of intracelluar Ca2+inhibition of chemotaxis and decrease of inflammatory cytokines. Especially, the inhibition of RANTES and intracelluar Ca2+ induced by inflammatory mediators by HACS is firstly reported in this study.

Analysis of the Early Stages and Evolution of Dental Enamel Erosion

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate by atomic force microscopy (AFM) the early phases and evolution of dental enamel erosion caused by hydrochloric acid exposure, simulating gastroesophageal reflux episodes. Polished bovine enamel slabs (4x4x2 mm) were selected and exposed to 0.1 mL of 0.01 M hydrochloric acid (pH=2) at 37 ?#61472;?#61616;C using five different exposure intervals (n=1): no acid exposure (control), 10 s, 20 s, 30 s and 40 s. The exposed area was analyzed by AFM in 3 regions to measure the roughness, surface area and morphological surface. The data were analyzed qualitatively. Roughness started as low as that of the control sample, Rrms=3.5 nm, and gradually increased at a rate of 0.3 nm/s, until reaching Rrms=12.5 nm at 30 s. After 40 s, the roughness presented increment of 0.40 nm only. Surface area (SA) increased until 20 s, and for longer exposures, the surface area was constant (at 30 s, SA=4.40 μm2 and at 40 s, SA=4.43 μm2). As regards surface morphology, the control sample presented smaller hydroxyapatite crystals (22 nm) and after 40 s the crystal size was approximately 60 nm. Short periods of exposure were sufficient to produce enamel demineralization in different patterns and the morphological structure was less affected by exposure to hydrochloric acid over 30 s.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os estágios iniciais e a evolução da erosão do esmalte dental causado pela exposição ao ácido clorídrico, simulando assim episódios de refluxo gastroesofágico, usando um microscópio de força atômica (AFM). Fragmentos de esmalte bovino planificados e polidos (4x4x2 mm) foram selecionados e exposto a 0,1 mL de ácido clorídrico 0,01 M (pH = 2) a 37 ?#61616;C, utilizando cinco intervalos diferentes de exposição: sem exposição ao ácido (controle) e 10 s, 20 s, 30 s e 40 s. Então, a área exposta foi analisada com AFM em 3 regiões diferentes para mensurar a rugosidade, a área da superfície e a morfologia superficial. Os dados foram analisados qualitativamente. Inicialmente, a rugosidade apresentou valor baixo como a amostra controle, Rrms=3,5 nm, e aumentou gradualmente a uma taxa de 0,3 nm/s, até Rrms= 12,5 nm a 30 s. Após 40 s, a rugosidade apresentou um incremento de apenas 0,40 nm. Área de superfície (SA) aumentou até 20 s, e para exposições mais longas, a área de superfície manteve-se constante (30 s, o SA=4,40 μm2, e em 40 s, a SA=4,43 μm2). Em relação à morfologia superficial, a amostra controle apresentou cristais de hidroxiapatita menores (22 nm), e após 40s o tamanho do cristal era de aproximadamente 60 nm. Períodos curtos de exposição foram suficientes para produzir a desmineralização do esmalte em diferentes padrões e a estrutura morfológica foi menos afetada pela exposição ao ácido clorídrico acima de 30 s.

Process optimization of acid hydrolysis of burnet total saponins for preparation of burnet sapogenin / 中草药

Objective: To optimize the acid hydrolysis process of burnet (Sanguisorbae Radix, the roots of Sanguisorba officinalis) total saponins and to improve the yield of the hydrolyzate burnet sapogenin. Methods: Using orthogonal test design, the concentration of hydrochloric acid, solid-liquid ratio, hydrolysis temperature, and hydrolytic time for the hydrolysis process of burnet total saponins were investigated. Results: The primary and secondary factors that influenced the hydrolysis were followed by order of the concentration of hydrochloric acid > hydrolytic time > solid-liquid ratio > hydrolytic temperature, preferably optimum for the solid-liquid ratio of 1:200, hydrochloric acid concentration of 4 mol/L, hydrolytic time of 0.5 h, and hydrolytic temperature of 92 ℃. Conclusion: High yield of burnet sapogenin can be obtained by using the optimized hydrolytic conditions, which are suitable for industrial production.

Establishment of hydrochloric acid/lipopolysaccharide-induced pelvic inflammatory disease model

Pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), which is one of the most problematic complications experienced by women with sexually transmitted diseases, frequently causes secondary infections after reproductive abnormalities in veterinary animals. Although the uterus is self-protective, it becomes fragile during periods or pregnancy. To investigate PID, bacteria or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) extracted from gram negative bacteria has been used to induce the disease in several animal models. However, when LPS is applied to the peritoneum, it often causes systemic sepsis leading to death and the PID was not consistently demonstrated. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) has been used to induce inflammation in the lungs and stomach but not tested for reproductive organs. In this study, we developed a PID model in mice by HCl and LPS sequential intracervical (i.c.) administration. The proinflammatory cytokines, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α, were detected in the mouse uterus by western blot analysis and cytokine enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after HCl (25 mg/kg) administration i.c. followed by four LPS (50 mg/kg) treatments. Moreover, mice exhibited increased infiltration of neutrophils in the endometrium and epithelial layer. These results suggest that ic co-administration of HCl and LPS induces PID in mice. This new model may provide a consistent and reproducible PID model for future research.

Effect of hypertonic saline treatment on the inflammatory response after hydrochloric acid-induced lung injury in pigs

OBJECTIVES: Hypertonic saline has been proposed to modulate the inflammatory cascade in certain experimental conditions, including pulmonary inflammation caused by inhaled gastric contents. The present study aimed to assess the potential anti-inflammatory effects of administering a single intravenous dose of 7.5% hypertonic saline in an experimental model of acute lung injury induced by hydrochloric acid. METHODS: Thirty-two pigs were anesthetized and randomly allocated into the following four groups: Sham, which received anesthesia and were observed; HS, which received intravenous 7.5% hypertonic saline solution (4 ml/kg); acute lung injury, which were subjected to acute lung injury with intratracheal hydrochloric acid; and acute lung injury + hypertonic saline, which were subjected to acute lung injury with hydrochloric acid and treated with hypertonic saline. Hemodynamic and ventilatory parameters were recorded over four hours. Subsequently, bronchoalveolar lavage samples were collected at the end of the observation period to measure cytokine levels using an oxidative burst analysis, and lung tissue was collected for a histological analysis. RESULTS: Hydrochloric acid instillation caused marked changes in respiratory mechanics as well as blood gas and lung parenchyma parameters. Despite the absence of a significant difference between the acute lung injury and acute lung injury + hypertonic saline groups, the acute lung injury animals presented higher neutrophil and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 levels in the bronchoalveolar lavage analysis. The histopathological analysis revealed pulmonary edema, congestion and alveolar collapse in both groups; however, the differences between groups were not significant. Despite the lower cytokine and neutrophil levels observed in the acute lung injury + hypertonic saline group, significant differences were not observed among the treated and non-treated groups. ...

Surface Roughness of Composite Resins Subjected to Hydrochloric Acid

The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of hydrochloric acid on surface roughness of composite resins subjected to brushing. Sixty samples measuring 2 mm thick x 6 mm diameter were prepared and used as experimental units. The study presented a 3x2 factorial design, in which the factors were composite resin (n=20), at 3 levels: microhybrid composite (Z100), nanofilled composite (FiltekTM Supreme), nanohybrid composite (Ice), and acid challenge (n=10) at 2 levels: absence and presence. Acid challenge was performed by immersion of specimens in hydrochloric acid (pH 1.2) for 1 min, 4 times per day for 7 days. The specimens not subjected to acid challenge were stored in 15 mL of artificial saliva at 37 oC. Afterwards, all specimens were submitted to abrasive challenge by a brushing cycle performed with a 200 g weight at a speed of 356 rpm, totaling 17.8 cycles. Surface roughness measurements (Ra) were performed and analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey test (p≤0.05). Surface roughness values were higher in the presence (1.07±0.24) as compared with the absence of hydrochloric acid (0.72±0.04). Surface roughness values were higher for microhybrid (1.01±0.27) compared with nanofilled (0.68 ±0.09) and nanohybrid (0.48±0.15) composites when the specimens were not subjects to acid challenge. In the presence of hydrochloric acid, microhybrid (1.26±0.28) and nanofilled (1.18±0,30) composites presents higher surface roughness values compared with nanohybrid (0.77±0.15). The hydrochloric acid affected the surface roughness of composite resin subjected to brushing.

Este estudo avaliou a influencia do ácido clorídrico na rugosidade superficial de resinas compostas submetidas a escovação. Sessenta corpos de prova medindo 2 mm de espessura x 6 mm de diâmetro foram confeccionados e utilizados como unidades experimentais. O presente estudo envolve uma análise fatorial 3x2, onde os fatores foram resina composta (n=20), com 3 níveis: resina composta microhíbrida (Z100), nanoparticulada (Filtek TM Supreme) e nanohíbrida (Ice); e desafio ácido (n=10), com 2 níveis: ausência e presença. O desafio ácido foi realizado por meio da imersão em ácido clorídrico (pH 1,2) por 4 h diárias, 1 min cada imersão, durante 7 dias. Os espécimes que não foram submetidos ao desafio ácido foram armazenados em 15 mL de saliva artificial a 37 °C. Todos os espécimes foram submetidos ao desafio abrasivo. O processo de escovação foi realizado com 200 g de peso, com velocidade de 356 rpm, totalizando 17,8 ciclos. As medidas de rugosidade superficial (Ra) foram realizadas e analisadas por meio da ANOVA e teste de Tukey (p<0,05). Os valores de rugosidade superficial foram maiores na presença (1,07±0,24)quando comparado com a ausencia do ácido hidroclorídrico (0,72±0,04). A resina microhíbrida (1,01±0,27) apresentou maior rugosidade superficial que as resinas nanoparticulada (0,68±0,09) e nanohíbrida (0,48±0,15) quando os espécimes não foram submetidos ao desafio ácido. Na presença do ácido hidroclorídrico, a resina microhíbrida (1,26±0,28) e a resina nanoparticulada (1,18±0,30) apresentou maior valor de rugosidade superficia comparado com a resina nanohíbrida (0.77±0.15). O ácido hidroclorídrico influenciou a rugosidade superficial da resina composta submetida a escovação.